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Is repeated fine-needle aspiration cytology indicated in (benign) thyroid nodules?

Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of thyroid nodules is a relatively simple test to perform without complications. Consensus has now been reached in the medical community that FNAC has superior diagnostic accuracy and cost effectiveness compared to all other tests and imaging techniques in the discrimination between benign and malignant thyroid nodules. Nevertheless, the last few years have witnessed a flurry of reviews on the evaluation and management of thyroid nodules in major medical and endocrine journals (1–5). This probably indicates that it was no easy sailing since the wide introduction of FNAC in the 1980s and that clinicians still face difficulties in the appropriate management of patients with a thyroid nodule. Basic to the continuing debate in my opinion is the fact that doctors very often must practise their art in the face of uncertainty, which they find hard to cope with. On the one hand, they are eager not

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